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2型糖尿病血脂异常与联合降脂治疗

2011年08月31日16:21 来源:好医生网站

第二军医大学附属长征医院心内科  梁春 厉娜

 

随着经济发展、生活水平提高和生活方式的改变,我国2型糖尿病患病率逐渐升高,糖尿病并发症的危害,尤其是心血管危害越来越大。糖尿病是心血管病的独立危险因素[1],单纯糖尿病患者死于冠脉事件的发生率与单纯冠心病患者相同,因此我们称糖尿病为冠心病的等危症[2]。在美国,随着对疾病认识的加深和治疗的进展,心血管病总死亡率终于呈下降趋势,然而女性糖尿病心血管死亡率却增加[3] ,这说明糖尿病心血管死亡有其独特病理生理机制,其中糖尿病血脂异常是独立于血糖之外的重要危险因素。因此深入探讨糖尿病血脂异常特点及干预措施迫在眉睫。

1 糖尿病及血脂异常在发病情况

按照国际糖尿病联盟公布的资料,2003年我国2型糖尿病患病率为2.7%,患病总人数约为2400万,预计到2025年患病率升至4.3%,患者总计4600 [4]。英国糖尿病前瞻性研究(UKPDS)证明严格控制血糖和血压可以部分减少糖尿病心血管事件,但仍有59%的糖尿病患者死于心血管并发症,分析相关危险因素,除高血糖外,另外重要的危险因素就是血脂异常[5]。我国在有血脂资料的糖尿病患者中有48%的患者甘油三酯(TG≥1.7mmol/L60%的患者总胆固醇(TC4.8mmol/L51%患者高密度脂蛋白(HDL≥1.0mmmol/L[6]。糖尿病的血脂异常与动脉粥样硬化(AS)的关系已成定论,甚至有美国科学家认为诱发糖尿病进一步恶化的最主要危险因素不是糖而是脂肪。在临床工作中关注糖尿病患者的血脂异常至关重要。

2 糖尿病血脂代谢异常的特点与机制

2.1  2型糖尿病血脂代谢异常特点  2型糖尿病的血脂异常既包括脂蛋白数量和质量的异常,又包括脂蛋白代谢的紊乱。其典型脂谱表现为:高三酰甘油(TG)、低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、小而密的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平升高(sdLDL-C)。佛明翰心脏研究结果显示糖尿病高TG发生率为男性19%、女性17%,而非糖尿病组分别为9%8%[7];低HDL-C的发生率几乎是非糖尿病组的2倍(男性21% vs 12%;女性25% vs 10%),但总胆固醇(TC)及LDL-C水平两组间无差异[7],但女性糖尿病患者LDL-C水平明显高于非糖尿病患者[8]2.2  2型糖尿病血脂代谢异常机制  糖尿病血脂异常的确切机制尚不清楚,大量的研究显示胰岛素抵抗为其主要原因。胰岛素抵抗引起脂肪细胞释放游离脂肪酸(FFA)增加[9-12]。游离脂肪酸进入肝脏,使肝脏合成三酰甘油增加,三酰甘油刺激脂蛋白BapoB)和极低密度胆固醇(VLDL-C)的分泌、肝细胞中脂肪的积累[13]VLDL-C中的三酰甘油与HDL-C中的胆固醇脂通过胆固醇脂转运蛋白(CETP)进行交换,产生了2种致动脉粥样硬化(AS)的血脂:富含胆固醇的VLDL残余颗粒和去胆固醇HDL颗粒。富含三酰甘油的HDL随即被脂肪酶和脂蛋白脂肪酶水解,ApoA-IHDL中分离并经肾小球滤过,被肾小管细胞降解,此过程导致HDL-CApoA-I水平下降。VLDL水平升高促使CETPLDL转运三酰甘油。富含三酰甘油的LDL被肝脂肪酶或脂蛋白脂肪酶水解使脂质减小而形成小而密的LDL颗粒[14-15]。另外,胰岛素抵抗影响许多参与脂质代谢的酶的功能[16-17]

3药物联合降脂治疗

3.1  他汀类在糖尿病中的应用

虽然糖尿病患者LDL-C的水平与非糖尿病患者无差异,但LDL-C仍是降脂治疗的重中之重。他汀类药物为高LDL-C治疗首选药物,可降低LDL-C 25%~50%,轻微升高HDL-C 5%~10%2008年《柳叶刀》杂志发表了胆固醇治疗试验(CTT)的研究者开展的的一项荟萃分析,该分析包含18686名糖尿病,平均随访时间为4.3年,结果显示与非糖尿病患者相比,糖尿病患者他汀治疗每降1mmoL/LLDL-C就能显著降低9%的全因死亡率和21%的主要心血管事件,即使是胆固醇水平正常或偏低者也能从中获益[18]。提示他汀可降低糖尿病患者胆固醇水平,减少心血管病事件,任何伴心血管事件高危因素的糖尿病患者均应使用羟甲基戊二酸辅酶A(HMG-CoA)抑制剂。美国国家胆固醇教育计划(NCEP)成人治疗组第三次报告(ATP Ⅲ)和美国糖尿病协会(ADA)均要求,不管基线LDL-C的水平高低,有确定的心血管病或无心血管病但年龄大于40岁的糖尿病患者应改善生活方式并使用HMG-CoA抑制剂;对无心血管病或年龄小于40岁的糖尿病患者,若LDL-C>100mg/dL或合并多个心血管病危险因素应使用他汀治疗,无心血管病患者LDL-C的目标水平为小于100mg/dL,合并心血管病的目标水平为小于70mg/dL[19-20]。大量的临床试验证实他汀类是治疗糖尿病血脂异常的主要选择。

3.2降脂药物的联合应用方案

虽然部分专家建议以LDL-C为主要治疗目标[19-20],但有些倾向于结合血脂谱特点个体化合理选择干预方式, 包括他汀类、贝特类、烟酸等单药或联合用药。若主要的血脂异常为高三酰甘油(TG>5.65mmol/l),则选用ω−3 脂肪酸、烟酸或贝特类,若LDL-C水平大于1.8mmol/l,则加用他汀类。若TG<5.65mmol/lLDL未达标,首选他汀类治疗;仅在LDL达标时,加用贝特类、烟酸或胆固醇吸收抑制剂依折麦布[23-26];其中只有在血清三酰甘油低于2.26mmol/l时方可可联用胆汁酸结合树脂,因为其能升高三酰甘油水平。依折麦布与上述药物联用的研究结果尚不明确。其他的胆固醇吸收抑制剂如二钠抗坏血酸植物甾烷醇磷酸盐(FM-VP4)和胆汁酸转运抑制剂尚在试验中,已有结果显示疗效显著[27]。最新的CETP抑制剂(JTT 705anacetrapib)能显著增加HDL-C,降低LDL-C,可能为未来治疗糖尿病血脂异常提供帮助[28]

目前针对冠心病患者,正有多项临床试验处在研究中,旨在评价调脂药物联合应用的的安全性和有效性。现有研究显示辛伐他汀与非诺贝特联合用药在降低sdLDL-CVLDL-C及升高HDL-C方面优于单药治疗;辛伐他汀和烟酸联用(日剂量分别为13.0mg2.4g)能有效阻止动脉粥样斑块进展,使冠心病人群主要临床事件下降达60%;烟酸缓释片(1~2g/天)与辛伐他汀(20mg/天)联用与单用辛伐他汀相比能明显升高HDL-C,降低TGApoBTC[29~31]。在糖尿病患者中的联合降脂治疗方案的确立尚需更多临床试验来证实。

目前联合用药并不普及,这其中最主要的原因是安全性的顾虑。他汀联合贝特类或烟酸增加骨骼肌溶解风险[32],应针对药物副作用风险小的患者用药,且需减少药物剂量。烟酸缓释片优于短效烟酸制剂。

4结论

糖尿病为心血管病独立危险因素和冠心病等危症,除高血糖因素外,血脂异常是引起糖尿病患者心血管死亡的重要原因。糖尿病血压异常特点为:高三酰甘油、低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和小而密的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平升高。血脂代谢异常的根源为胰岛素抵抗。同其他个体的血脂药物治疗相同,他汀类为主要选择,可根据血脂谱联用烟酸、贝特、依折麦布、胆汁酸结合树脂等,联合用药优于单药治疗,但需主要横纹肌溶解等副作用。

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